ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of Hypomagnesemia in patients with uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, PNS Shifa Naval Hospital Karachi, from Jul 2012 to Dec 2012 over a period of six months
Material and Methods: In this study, three hundred and twenty three patients of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type-II on oral hypoglycemic agents for more than five years, presenting to medical OPD, were recruited. All patients fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. Blood samples of all patients for serum HbA1c and serum magnesium levels were analyzed at the time of enrollment. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS 20
Results: Out of 323 patients, 243 [75.23%] were males and 80 [24.76%] were females with the age ranging from 40 - 65 years [mean age and SD 54.76 +/- 6.43]. Hypomagnesemia was found in 117 patients, without any significant difference in men and women [38.45% and 35.39% respectively]. The mean duration of diabetes was 12.5 years [ranging from 5 to 22 years]. By frequency test in SPSS-20, the highest frequency of hypomagnesemia [49.42%] is seen in [8.6-9.0] HbA1c group while lowest frequency hypomagnesemia [15.38%] is seen in [>10.0] HbA1c level group mean standard deviation and p-value calculated by Pearson correlation statistic in SPSS-20 for quantitative variables [HbA1c, Magnesium level]
Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia is frequent in poorly controlled type-II diabetes mellitus having increased level of HbA1c. So it may be prudent in clinical practice to periodically monitor plasma magnesium and HbA1c in type-II diabetes mellitus patients
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the lithium induced histological alteration in testes of albino rats and their amelioration by Vitamin E
Study Design: Experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at department of Anatomy, Baqai Medical University, Karachi from July 2010 to August 2010
Materials and Methods: The rats were assigned into three experimental groups [eight rats/group]: control group, lithium group and lithium plus vitamin E treated group. Lithium [50 mg/kg/day] and vitamin E [50mg/kg/day] were given intraperitoneally for 21 days. At the end of experiment, rats were sacrificed and testes removed and processed for routine H and E. Slides were studied for histological examination under light microscope
Results: Lithium treated rats showed decreased body and testicular weights, spermatogenic cells such as primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were decreased, very little spermatozoa were seen in lumen of seminiferous tubules, significant increase in tubular count observed while tubular diameter, germinal epithelial thickness, number and size of nuclei of leydig cells were highly significantly reduced. In lithium plus vitamin E treated group, body and testicular weight, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids were restored near to control. Tubular lumen also showed many spermatozoa. Tubular diameter, germinal epithelial thickness, numberand size of nuclei of leydig cells were also returned tocontrol
Conclusion: Our study conclude that lithium causes detrimental effect on testicular morphology through oxidative stress and vitamin E provided protection through its antioxidative property
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of thyroid dysfunction among patients of chronic hepatitis C [HCV] infection receiving combination of interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, PNS Shifa Naval Hospital Karachi, from September 2012 to March 2013 over a period of six months
Patients and Methods: In this study, 170 diagnosed patients of chronic HCV [confirmed by anti-HCV and HCV RNA-positive] presenting to medical OPD with normal thyroid functions were recruited. All patients fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were prescribed IFN-alpha 2b [3 million units subcutaneously 3 days a week] and oral preparation of antiviral drug ribavirin [800 to 1200 mg daily in divided doses according to weight]. At the end of 12 weeks of combination antiviral therapy, their thyroid profile was worked up. Serum TSH, free T4 and T3 levels were determined by chemiluminescence technique in chemical pathology lab of the hospital. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS 17
Results: Out of 170 patients, 83 [48.82%] were females and 87 [51.18%] were males with the age ranging from 22-46 years [mean +/- SD: 33.86 +/- 5.32]. After 12 weeks of antiviral therapy, thyroid functions were normal in 156/170 [91.76%] patients, whereas in 14/170 [8.24%] cases thyroid dysfunction was observed. Out of those patients having thyroid dysfunction, 10/14 [71.42%] were hypothyroid whereas 4/14 [28.58%] had hyperthyroidism
Conclusion: Managing patients of chronic HCV with combination antiviral therapy comprising IFN-alpha 2b and ribavirin can cause thyroid dysfunction. These patients should be monitored before and during treatment to avoid complications and poor compliance